Current Issue
Volume 2, Issue 1 - Latest double-blinded peer-reviewed research articles
Volume 2, Issue 1
Published: March 2026
Editor-in-Chief: Prof Dr. S S Chatterji
Total Articles: 11
Pages: 1–143
Research Articles
Provisions of Retrial in a Criminal Case on Prayer of the Victim or Victim Party on the Ground of Incomplete Investigation
1Heritage Law College
Pages: 136-143
Abstract: In some serious criminal offences such as murder, rape the police fails to conduct a comprehensive investigation. Evidence could be overlooked, certain suspects could go un-interrogated, proper witnesses could go unexamined and there could be undue external influence. Due to these factors, the victim's family may feel that justice hasn't been dully served even if the accused is convicted, especially when they believe that other perpetrators may also be involved and go interrogated. Even the independent investigating agency like CBI are not always flawless. There are cases where victims or their family raise serious concerns regarding the CBI's handling of the investigation, arguing about the lack of supporting evidence, unexplored documents, unexamined relevant witnesses or not bringing all suspects to trial, leading to a miscarriage of justice. In such circumstances, Indian courts allows the victims to knock the door of the court and ask for a retrial where the trial process starts all over again from the scratch. Courts may also order de novo investigation where the investigating authorities or agencies start their investigation from the beginning if the court is satisfied that the previous investigation was incomplete and failed to carry out a fair and just investigation.
Keywords: Criminal Investigation, Retrial, De Novo Investigation, Miscarriage of Justice, Victim Rights
Judicial Trends And International Making Authorities In Preserving Environment
1University of Technology, Jaipur
Pages: 126-135
Abstract: Securing Environment is a legal and international instruments provide a foundation for coordinated action. They set standards, facilitate cooperation, and offer mechanisms for enforcement. As the world suffering enhancing biodiversity loss, the synergy between legal frameworks and international cooperation remains pivotal in preserving the Earth resources for future generations. The perception of the judiciary and international decision-making authorities play complementary roles in preserving biodiversity. While national courts enforce environmental laws and protect local ecosystems, international organizations provide a global framework for cooperation, and facilitate the exchange of resources to address biodiversity conservation on a broader scale. Biodiversity which refers to the total amount and variety of life on this planet is facing unprecedented threats due to human actions such as habitat destruction, overexploitation, Pollution. In order to meet these challenges and save the planet's rich diversity of life, national and international agreements has been identified as a key strategy. "Billions of dollars have been spent on the exploration of the moon. We know far more about the moon than we know about the biodiversity degradation. The moon will be there for longer than these natural environment and perhaps longer than the human race. In the environment, are found most complex interacting system on earth, systems which might even hold the key to our survival and about which we know practically nothing"
Keywords: Environment, Biodiversity, Climate, Conservation, Judiciary, International treaties
The Role of Parliament in Peacebuilding in Ethiopia
1Department of Political Science and International Studies, College of Social Science, Bahir Dar University, P.O.Box 79, Ethiopia
Pages: 108-125
Abstract: This paper examined the role of parliament in peacebuilding and major causes of conflicts using qualitative research approach. Data is collected through document analysis and from the observed facts. The right to peace is not ensured by the government bodies. Based on these premises, the conflict and violence is common Ethiopia and resulted in loss of human life and destruction of property. Conflict is inevitable, normal and even healthy or unhealthy part of peoples relationships particularly in the control of political power and resources like land. After all, two or more groups of people can't be expected to agree on everything at all times so peoples need to change the way they understand and deal with the conflict. When conflict is mismanaged, nor resolved, not prevented, and not transformed, we can't build peace. A parliament have greater role in peacebuilding through resolving grievances on time, reducing the repressive nature of the government, making clear of separation of power to reduce the domination of the executive in the management of state affairs, realizing the resource based early warning and response mechanism to manage conflicts related to land ownership, and boundaries. However, the involvements of Ethiopian parliament in such types of peacebuilding issues are very poor. The parliament should support the local units by enhancing synergies between formal and traditional mechanisms on conflict prevention and peace-building.
Keywords: Parliament, Peacebuilding, Conflict, Ethiopia, Politics
AI and Robotics Redefine Output and Growth: The New Productivity Equation
Pages: 102-107
Abstract: The article examines the macroeconomic impact of artificial intelligence (AI) and robotics and how these technologies are redefining productivity, efficiency, and economic growth across industries. It traces the evolution from the industrial and digital ages to the current AI-driven transformation, highlighting how technological advancements such as automation, data analytics, and intelligent machines are reshaping business models and public institutions. AI and robotics have significantly enhanced operational efficiency by automating routine and labour-intensive tasks, reducing costs, and improving output quality. At the same time, these technologies are influencing major economic indicators, including GDP growth, global competitiveness, and capital flows, as reflected in studies by international institutions and consulting firms. The article also discusses the social and economic challenges associated with AI adoption, particularly job displacement, data security, and privacy concerns. However, it emphasizes that automation simultaneously creates new employment opportunities in areas such as programming, data analysis, and system management. Special focus is given to the Indian economy, where AI and robotics are transforming key sectors such as manufacturing, healthcare, agriculture, infrastructure, and smart cities. By enabling data-driven decision-making and attracting foreign investment, AI and robotics have the potential to accelerate sustainable economic growth. The article concludes that strategic planning, ethical regulation, and inclusive innovation are essential to maximize the economic benefits of AI and robotics while minimizing associated risks.
Keywords: Artificial Intelligence, Robotics, Automation, Economic, Job Displacement.
A Study of Bidar District Industrial Economy in Closed Economy (1980-1990)
1Dept of Economics, Karnatak Arts, Science and Commerce College, Bidar-585401
Pages: 97-101
Abstract: The Main purpose of this study is to examine the industrial economy of Bidar, which was considered a "NO Industry District" in 1980 in the northern part of Karnataka, which is a part of the Hyderabad-Karnataka region. It is very important to note that the formation of the Bidar district in 1956 by the State Reorganization Committee (SRC) formed the state of Mysore (currently called Karnataka), which was under the provenance of the Nizam of Hyderabad. This later created the Karnataka state by the SRC based on the Kannada-speaking language. The Bidar district is a drought-prone area. However, after two and a half decades of independence Bidar is still very much backward in terms of industries. Hence, it is regarded as an industrially backward district. A large number of people are engaged in agricultural activities. The study of the Bidar district mainly concentrates on agro-based industries and agriculture and also analyses various economic variables such as population, agriculture and cropping pattern, irrigation process, occupational structure, communication and transport, socio-economic background of the district, and development of industries and infrastructure in the Bidar district from 1980 to 1990.This includes the socio-economic, political, and cultural aspects of the region. The above variables are discussed in detail below.
Keywords: Bidar District, Closed Economy, backward district
The Hanging of Dhananjay Chatterjee (2004) Critiques and Controversies
1Heritage Law College
Pages: 91-96
Abstract: India carried out the execution of Dhananjay Chatterjee in 2004, who was a security guard convicted for the 1990 rape and murder of a schoolgirl in Kolkata. This case became a landmark in India's death penalty discourse, not only because it ended a long gap in executions, but because it exposed how capital punishment operates at the inter section of public outrage, judicial reasoning and procedural failures. In this chapter we examine the factual background, trail-to-appeal trajectory, and the reliance on the "rarest of rare" doctrine to justify the ultimate sentence. It also examines the execution within wider debates on delay, deterrence and the risk of irreversible error, showing how one case can shape both public memory and legal policy around the death penalty.
Keywords: Dhananjay Chatterjee execution 2004, Death penalty in India debate, Rarest of rare doctrine India, Capital punishment case Kolkata 1990, Judicial process and death sentence India
A Legal And Economic Analysis Of The Draft Digital Competition Bill, 2024
Pages: 73-90
Abstract: The proposed Draft Digital Competition Bill, 2021 (DDCB) holds a liberal and progressive structure as a potential legislation which enunciates to handle the issues regarding digital markets in India. The legislation identifies Systemically Significant Digital Enterprises (SSDEs) as major actors in the digital economy and placed specific constraints on them in an attempt to reduce monopolistic conduct while encouraging innovation. This paper aims to provide analyses what the DDDCB wants to control which are anti-competitive strategies of overbearing technology firms; how it wants to do this by the imposition of anticipatory requirements, fines and rules on disclosure; and why such regulation is needed given that we are in the new digital economy characterized by dominance of network externalities, data advantage, and sparse competition .
Keywords: Draft Digital Competition Bill 2021 India, Systemically Significant Digital Enterprises (SSDEs), Digital market regulation in India, Anti-competitive practices in tech industry, Digital economy competition law India
The Venezuelan Displacement Crisis: Legal and Humanitarian Implications
1Assam University, Silchar
Pages: 67-72
Abstract: The Venezuelan displacement crisis stands as one of the most consequential instances of forced migration in recent global history, carrying far-reaching humanitarian, legal, and regional implications. Prolonged political turmoil, economic breakdown, the weakening of democratic institutions, and persistent human rights abuses have collectively rendered everyday life increasingly untenable for large sections of the Venezuelan population. As a result, millions have been driven to leave their homes not as a matter of choice, but as a means of survival in search of safety, stability, and the basic conditions necessary for a dignified life. This paper undertakes a critical examination of the underlying structural factors that have fuelled mass displacement from Venezuela, alongside an analysis of the scale, patterns, and evolving nature of cross-border movement. Particular attention is devoted to the pressures borne by neighbouring Latin American states, which have emerged as primary destinations despite their own socioeconomic constraints. The study further evaluates the capacity of existing international refugee and human rights regimes to respond effectively to this unprecedented situation, revealing a persistent gap between formal legal recognition and the realities of protection on the ground. By situating the Venezuelan experience within wider discourses on forced migration, regional responsibility-sharing, and international solidarity, the paper contends that conventional refugee frameworks alone are insufficient. It advocates for a rights-based, cooperative, and forward-looking approach one that moves beyond narrow legal categorizations and prioritizes the long-term protection, inclusion, and dignity of displaced Venezuelans.
Keywords: Venezuelan displacement, forced migration, refugee law, regional protection, human rights
Terrorism in Transition - The Shifting Face of Global Threats
1Delhi High Court
Pages: 61-66
Abstract: This chapter examines how terrorism has changed in the twenty-first century, emphasizing the shift from state-sponsored terrorism to dispersed extremist networks. Countering violent extremism (CVE) has emerged as a critical strategy in combating terrorism by addressing radicalization at its roots. Unlike traditional counterterrorism approaches that emphasize law enforcement and military responses, CVE focuses on prevention through community engagement, education, digital counter-messaging, and rehabilitation programs. By fostering trust between law enforcement and communities, promoting critical thinking in educational settings, and challenging extremist narratives online, CVE seeks to disrupt the recruitment process before individuals turn to violence. Despite its potential, CVE faces significant challenges, including concerns over civil liberties, difficulties in measuring effectiveness, and the risk of stigmatizing targeted communities. However, international initiatives such as the U.S. CVE strategy, the European Radicalization Awareness Network (RAN), and UN-backed programs highlight the growing recognition of CVE as a key component of modern counterterrorism efforts. As extremist groups continue to adapt to geopolitical and technological changes, CVE remains essential in fostering long-term resilience and mitigating the spread of violent ideologies. By integrating CVE into broader security policies, governments can develop more comprehensive strategies to prevent radicalization and enhance societal stability.
Keywords: Countering Violent Extremism (CVE) strategies, Modern terrorism trends in the 21st century, Radicalization prevention programs, Community-based counterterrorism approaches, Extremist network recruitment prevention
Regulating Artificial Intelligence in India: Legal Frameworks, Governance Challenges, and the Path toward a Dedicated AI Law
1Department of Sociology, Central University of Haryana, Haryana , India -123031
Pages: 22-61
Abstract: Artificial Intelligence (AI) has emerged as a transformative technology reshaping governance, economy, and social interactions across the globe. India, with its rapidly expanding digital ecosystem, is increasingly relying on AI-driven applications for public administration, law enforcement, healthcare, transportation, and financial services. Despite this exponential growth, the legal and regulatory architecture governing AI remains fragmented, relying primarily on sector-specific laws, the Information Technology Act, 2000, the Digital Personal Data Protection Act, 2023, and various policy documents. This paper critically examines the adequacy of existing legal frameworks in addressing the unique ethical, legal, and socio-technical challenges posed by AI. The analysis begins with an overview of current Indian laws applicable to AI, evaluating gaps pertaining to accountability, algorithmic transparency, data governance, and cyber-security. Special attention is given to the Information Technology Act, 2000 (IT Act) and its provisions relating to electronic contracts, intermediary liability, due diligence obligations, and cybercrimes involving AI systems. The Digital Personal Data Protection Act, 2023 (DPDPA) is analysed for its principles of lawful processing, consent requirements, duties of Data Fiduciaries, and rights of Data Principals in the context of AI training datasets and automated decision-making. Recognising limitations within the prevailing legal regime, the paper argues for a dedicated AI law that is adaptive, risk-based, and future-ready. Drawing comparative insights from the European Union's AI Act-featuring unacceptable, high, limited, and minimal-risk classifications-and the United States' evolving policy landscape driven by executive orders and voluntary frameworks, the paper evaluates different regulatory philosophies. Furthermore, it explores crucial themes such as cross-border data flows, data sovereignty, jurisdictional complexities, and India's strategic stance in securing digital autonomy. The study also examines India's role in international collaborations on AI governance through institutions such as UNESCO, OECD, and G20, especially in standard-setting, ethical guidelines, and global frameworks on autonomous weapon systems (AWS). Issues of liability, accountability, and responsibility in AI decision-making are analysed within the domains of torts, contracts, product liability, autonomous vehicles, and medical diagnostics. The paper underscores the importance of human oversight in AI systems, highlighting the concepts of meaningful human control, human-in-the-loop, and human-on-the-loop frameworks. Ethical concerns surrounding transparency, explainability, algorithmic bias, discrimination, and fairness are evaluated through emerging global FAT (Fairness, Accountability, Transparency) principles. Finally, practical aspects of AI legal education-such as moot courts, simulations, experiential learning, film reviews, news analyses, and field visits-are proposed to strengthen professional competence in AI law. Conclusively, the paper advocates for a comprehensive, multi-layered, and ethically informed AI legal ecosystem that aligns with international best practices while safeguarding India's socio-legal realities and technological aspirations.
Keywords: Artificial Intelligence Law, AI Regulation India, IT Act 2000, Digital Personal Data Protection Act 2023, Intermediary Liability, Data Sovereignty, EU AI Act, US AI Policy, Algorithmic Bias, Explainability, AI Accountability, Meaningful Human Control, Aut
Judicial Interpretation of Forensics in Cases Involving Circumstantial Evidence: A Doctrinal Study
Pages: 1-21
Abstract: This paper analyses circumstantial evidence concerning its definition, history, classification, principles, and its ability to be accepted. Noteworthy aspects encompass the "Last Scene Theory" and instances where evidence alone has sufficed to validate conviction. Remaining portions of the study look into the scope of forensic evidence and its various subdivisions, its development over time. Furthermore, the study analyses how forensics affects the outcomes of more advanced crimes such as sexual crimes, cybercrimes, and homicides. The study emphasizes the legislative framework governing the use of forensic and circumstantial evidence in India. Another core focus of the study is the doctrinal scrutiny centering forensic evidence, how courts use forensic evidence as links in a circumstantial chain, analyse their compositions, and link them to a given context. Other regions were also consulted to provide a third eye view of how similar evidence issues are treated in evidentiary law. The research relies on practical examples to illustrate how courts approach the use of forensic evidence within circumstantial frameworks. The study concludes with the evaluation of how these interpretations apply toward the achievement of justice while mapping the emerging trends, which have been identified as gaps, such as becoming overly reliant on scientific evidence. It proposes remedial measures to seamlessly integrate forensic science with legal requirements, fostering a more prudent and restrained approach to judicial discretion.
Keywords: Circumstantial Evidence, Forensic Science, Judicial Interpretation, Criminal Justice, Doctrinal Research Methodology